When you step into Bologna’s vibrant Piazza Maggiore, the towering Basilica of San Petronio immediately demands your attention. Its massive scale and intricate design make it one of the most impressive churches in Italy, apparently among the ten largest in the world and largest brick gothic church (however, we felt it feels smaller and less imposing than the Duomo in Florence!). But San Petronio isn’t just about its size—it’s a treasure trove of history, art, and unique features that make it a must-see for anyone visiting this charming city.
Construction of the basilica began in 1390, with the intention of making it one of the largest churches in Europe. And while it is undoubtedly massive, there’s something strikingly unfinished about its facade. Originally planned to soar even higher, the facade remains incomplete, a casualty of both political and financial challenges in the 16th century. This unfinished look has become one of its most iconic features, adding a layer of mystery to the building.
San Petronio Interior
Step inside, and you’ll be greeted by a rich blend of Gothic and Renaissance architecture. The vast interior is a gallery of art, including some truly stunning frescoes spread across 22 chapels and other internal areas. Among the most notable are the Chapel of St Abbondio which saw the crowing of Charles V in 1530, the Chapel of St Ivo which houses two paintings by Gandolfi and Tiarini, the dramatic “Last Judgment” scene painted in the Chapel of the Magi – by Giovanni da Modena as part of a larger cycle depicting Episodes in the life of San Petronio, including Stories of the Three Kings; The Last Judgment with the Coronation of the Virginin oval, and the controversial Heaven and Hell, Dante’s depiction of these places, with a gigantic figure of Lucifer – this chapel in particular captivates visitors with its vibrant colors and dynamic figures. In general, the artwork inside tells the story of Bologna’s cultural and spiritual evolution, showcasing the city’s pride and artistic heritage. The altar also contains a wooden crucifix dating from the 15th century.
Cassini’s Meridian Line
One of the most fascinating features of the Basilica of San Petronio is its astronomical connection. Embedded in the floor is a 67 meter long solar meridian line—a relic of Bologna’s historical role in scientific advancement (it’s home to one of Europe’s oldest universities). This line was was calculated and designed by the astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini, who was teaching astronomy at the University, and was once used by scholars and astronomers to track the sun’s movement and determine the time of year. Today, it still marks the position of the sun, an enduring example of how science and religion coexisted in medieval Italy.
Dedication to San Petronio
The basilica is dedicated to San Petronio, Bologna’s patron saint, who is said to have helped spread Christianity throughout the region in the 5th century when acting as the Bishop of Bologna. His legacy is deeply woven into the city’s identity, and the basilica serves as a testament to his influence. Over the centuries, San Petronio has not only been a religious sanctuary but also a civic symbol, reflecting Bologna’s pride and independence during the time when it was a free commune – in 2020 the Basilica became home to the relics of San Petronio which were moved here from another church.
Bologna’s Basilica of San Petronio is more than just a church. Whether you’re an art lover, history buff, or simply a curious traveler, the basilica is a captivating destination that is worth a visit if you are in Bologna!
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